Much has already been mentioned with respect to the liver and its various functions. Here, concentration will be on the defensive function of the liver, hepatic malfunctions attributed to intestinal…

Toxic metals affect us regularly. Besides, the symptoms produced from the long-term, slow accumulation of those substances in the body are many and varied.  Also, symptoms may not appear until…

Osteopathy is a holistic approach to treating a  wide range of aches, pains and stiffness anywhere in the body. Osteopathy assesses the patient from a mechanical, functional and postural standpoint. The…

SERUM CALCIUM makes it possible to evaluate the disorder of calcium metabolism. Besides, an increase of concentration can establish at malignant tumours. Also, osteolysis resulting from the release of peptides…

The small intestine is approximately twenty-three feet or seven meters in length. It begins at the pyloric valve of the stomach, ends at the ileocecal valve between the ilium and cecum, and…

The stomach is an enlargement of the alimentary tract located inferior to the diaphragm. It is a J-shaped organ, and we divide it into four regions: the cardia is the immediate…

Balanced nutrition is essential to maintaining overall good health, but it also can affect your capacity to cope with stress. When you are going through a period of stress, you…

According to its inventors, Oberon “allows diagnosing pronounced pathological processes. It also detects the earliest forms of the diseases or predisposition to them”. However, it “does not belong to the…

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term for a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestines characterised by recurrent inflammation in specific parts of the intestines. The primary…

Osteoporosis, which literally means ‘porous bone’ is a progressive reduction in normal bone mineral density, mass, and strength resulting in marked bone thinning and vulnerability to fracture.  Although bone mass…

This chronic condition is a combination of attacks of diarrhoea and intermittent constipation. It can involve disturbance of muscular movement in the large intestine. The cause of irritable bowel syndrome…

The pancreas is the organ between the greater curvature of the stomach and the duodenum. It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Besides, it consists of granular-like epithelial cells…

A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. Normally, urine contains chemicals that…

Pharynx – There are three stages to swallowing: 1) the voluntary forcing of foodfrom the oral cavity into the pharynx; at this point swallowing becomes a reflex action; 2) the passing of food from…

The large intestine is the part of the alimentary tract extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus. It is approximately five feet long and has an average diameter of 2 1/2 inches. The large…

Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a disorder of the endocrine system. That is a network of glands throughout the body that produce potent chemical messengers called hormones. These hormones…

‘Leaky gut’ describes a gut which is inflamed and has got very porous (much more porous than it should be), and is letting abundant food proteins, bacteria, fungi, metals and…

Serum albumin allow us to establish misbalance of albumin content (hypo- and hyperalbuminemia) at various pathologic conditions. Increase of albumin concentration can be noted in case of dehydration. Serum albumin diseases…

The liver is the largest organ in the body and is located directly below the diaphragm. It is a multilobular organ. It has several important functions, only one of. Liver functions However, several of these…

Serum asparagi aminotransferase enzyme allows us to establish extend of damage caused tissues of liver, heart and skeletal muscles. Increase of activity  observe at myocardial infarctions. Rise of enzyme activity…

Most people believe that gallstones can be found only in the gallbladder, but this is not true.  Besides, most gallstones form in the liver and gall bladder.  It can be…

Meal Suggestions Breakfast: wholemeal or rye toast, butter, fruit spread, natural yoghurt home made muesli with oats, nuts, seeds soaked overnight in water + yoghurt plain yoghurt with nuts and seeds, fresh fruit boiled…

Breakfast Meal Suggestions: non-wheat/rye toast, non-dairy spread, fruit spread, soya yoghurt home made muesli with oats, nuts, seeds soaked overnight in water with non-citrus fruit juice soya yoghurt with nuts and seeds, fresh…

Hypertension, otherwise known as high blood pressure, makes us more susceptible to coronary heart disease, strokes and kidney disease. People who are overweight and do not get much exercise are…

The mouth is the first division of the alimentary tract whose major function is that of getting food into the system. Mechanical breakdown of non-liquid food by chewing (mastication) helps mix food…

Hypoglycaemia is low blood sugar.  Normally, the body maintains blood sugar levels within a narrow range through the work of several glands and their hormones.  When these finely balanced control…

Diverticulitis is inflammation or infection of small pouches, called diverticula, which develop along the walls of your intestines. The formation of the pouches themselves is a relatively benign condition known…

Alanine Aminotransferase of serum allows us to judge about extent of damage of liver tissue (hepatitis). Rise of activity note at vira hepatitis (activity increases during latent period, maximum activity…

Some of the symptoms experienced are painful periods, intercourse, urination and/or defecation; PMS; infertility; and alteration to cycles. Endometriosis is a condition that affects each sufferer differently. Whilst one has…

Anatomy and physiology – Every cell in the human body needs carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, water, and minerals to perform the daily metabolic processes involved in maintaining a living system.…